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Studies

Study libraryReference notes for deep reading.

This is a research index. For a synthesis around one training question, start with the topic guides under Performance Science Lab.

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445 studies for time-trial-performance.

supplements
2025

Ergogenic effects of supplement combinations on endur… (PMID 40619880)

Research note: Ergogenic effects of supplement combinations on endurance performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Open study note

pacing
2025

Pre-cooling alters pacing profiles resulting in no ad… (PMID 40393849)

Research note: Pre-cooling alters pacing profiles resulting in no additional benefit to 20-km self-paced maximal cycling time-trial performance in heat acclimated en…

Open study note

pacing
2025

Pacing in ultra-marathon running: the Western States… (PMID 40087377)

Research note: Pacing in ultra-marathon running: the Western States 100-mile endurance run 2006-2023.

Open study note

pacing
2025

Pacing Strategy and Resulting Performance of Elite Tr… (PMID 39884270)

Research note: Pacing Strategy and Resulting Performance of Elite Trail Runners: Insights From the 2023 World Mountain and Trail Running Championships.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Acute Effects of Caffeine and Taurine Co-Ingestion on… (PMID 40956767)

Research note: Acute Effects of Caffeine and Taurine Co-Ingestion on Time to Exhaustion and Thermoregulatory Responses to Cycling in the Heat.

Open study note

pacing
2025

Sex-specific differences in performance and pacing in… (PMID 40770400)

Research note: Sex-specific differences in performance and pacing in the world's longest triathlon in history.

Open study note

altitude
2025

Evaluating the Impact of Urolithin A Supplementation… (PMID 40839339)

Research note: Evaluating the Impact of Urolithin A Supplementation on Running Performance, Recovery, and Mitochondrial Biomarkers in Highly Trained Male Distance Ru…

Open study note

pacing
2025

Real-Time Performance Prediction in Long-Distance Tra… (PMID 41295769)

Research note: Real-Time Performance Prediction in Long-Distance Trail Running: A Practical Model Based on Terrain Difficulty and Pacing Variability.

Open study note

altitude
2025

Persisting elevation of total hemoglobin mass after a… (PMID 40824871)

Research note: Persisting elevation of total hemoglobin mass after altitude training in elite swimmers: a potential role of prolonged erythrocyte survival.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Effects of taurine combined with caffeine on repetiti… (PMID 39948152)

Research note: Effects of taurine combined with caffeine on repetitive sprint exercise performance and cognition in a hypoxic environment.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Effects of caffeine and its metabolites, theobromine… (PMID 40850526)

Research note: Effects of caffeine and its metabolites, theobromine and theophylline, on performance and physiological parameters in cyclists: A randomized, double-b…

Open study note

altitude
2025

A Review of Carbohydrate Supplementation Approaches a… (PMID 40077786)

Research note: A Review of Carbohydrate Supplementation Approaches and Strategies for Optimizing Performance in Elite Long-Distance Endurance.

Open study note

supplements
2025

The Acute Effects of Caffeine and Normobaric Hypoxia… (PMID 40675560)

Research note: The Acute Effects of Caffeine and Normobaric Hypoxia on Cardiorespiratory Exercise Responses in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Single and combined effect of beetroot juice and caff… (PMID 40369047)

Research note: Single and combined effect of beetroot juice and caffeine intake on muscular strength, power and endurance performance in resistance-trained males.

Open study note

pacing
2025

The physiology and psychology of negative splits: ins… (PMID 40740427)

Research note: The physiology and psychology of negative splits: insights into optimal marathon pacing strategies.

Open study note

fueling
2025

Strategic carbohydrate feeding improves performance i… (PMID 40614653)

Research note: Strategic carbohydrate feeding improves performance in ketogenic trained athletes.

Open study note

fueling
2025

Impact of carbohydrate timing on glucose metabolism a… (PMID 40259503)

Research note: Impact of carbohydrate timing on glucose metabolism and substrate oxidation following high-intensity evening aerobic exercise in athletes: a randomize…

Open study note

tapering
2025

Fatigue Resistance of Customized Implant-Supported Re… (PMID 40731630)

Research note: Fatigue Resistance of Customized Implant-Supported Restorations.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Performance-enhancing effects of caffeine and L-Thean… (PMID 40977612)

Research note: Performance-enhancing effects of caffeine and L-Theanine among Iranian elite wrestlers: a focus on cognitive and specific physical performance.

Open study note

pacing
2025

Effects of Caffeine Dose and Administration Method on… (PMID 41374083)

Research note: Effects of Caffeine Dose and Administration Method on Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Open study note

supplements
2025

In-Exercise Caffeine Improves Exercise Performance in… (PMID 40550151)

Research note: In-Exercise Caffeine Improves Exercise Performance in the Heat without Exacerbating Hyperventilation and Brain Hypoperfusion.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Intrasession Caffeine Intake and Cycling Performance… (PMID 39326860)

Research note: Intrasession Caffeine Intake and Cycling Performance After Accumulated Work: A Field-Based Study.

Open study note

heat
2025

The effect of post-exercise heat exposure (passive he… (PMID 39762944)

Research note: The effect of post-exercise heat exposure (passive heat acclimation) on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Open study note

pacing
2025

Navigating the Maze of Deception in Endurance Sports:… (PMID 40454647)

Research note: Navigating the Maze of Deception in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Acute caffeine supplementation offsets the impairment… (PMID 39438312)

Research note: Acute caffeine supplementation offsets the impairment in 10-km running performance following one night of partial sleep deprivation: a randomized cont…

Open study note

pacing
2025

Head, Face, and Neck Cooling for Performance: A Syste… (PMID 40355096)

Research note: Head, Face, and Neck Cooling for Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Open study note

supplements
2025

Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Neuromuscular… (PMID 40845293)

Research note: Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Neuromuscular Performance in Powerlifting Athletes: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Quadruple-Blinded, Cross-…

Open study note

supplements
2025

Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, pow… (PMID 40478455)

Research note: Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation l…

Open study note

supplements
2025

Acute effects of combined and isolated caffeine and t… (PMID 41668720)

Research note: Acute effects of combined and isolated caffeine and theanine supplementation on physical and cognitive performance in competitive athletes: a randomiz…

Open study note

supplements
2025

Caffeine enhances performance regardless of fueling s… (PMID 40964913)

Research note: Caffeine enhances performance regardless of fueling strategy; however, high carbohydrate availability is associated with improved training speeds comp…

Open study note

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