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This is a research index. For practical defaults, start with topic pages under Performance Science Lab.

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255 study page(s) for time-to-exhaustion.

hydration
2026
Evidence C
Action 2

Comparison of pilocarpine- versus exercise-induced sw… (PMID 41532800)

PMID 41532800 (2026): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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breathing
2025
Evidence D
Action 3

Inspiratory muscle training improves heart rate varia… (PMID 40833943)

PMID 40833943 (2025): inspiratory muscle training, respiratory — Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence B
Action 2

Ergogenic effects of supplement combinations on endur… (PMID 40619880)

PMID 40619880 (2025): caffeine, bicarbonate — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence B
Action 1

The Addition of Glycerol and Sodium Chloride to a Hyp… (PMID 40139199)

PMID 40139199 (2025): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Hydration assessment and physical performance of moun… (PMID 40594074)

PMID 40594074 (2025): hydration, dehydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Acute caffeine supplementation offsets the impairment… (PMID 39438312)

PMID 39438312 (2025): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Effects of caffeine and its metabolites, theobromine… (PMID 40850526)

PMID 40850526 (2025): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence B
Action 1

Sodium Hyperhydration Improves Performance With No Ch… (PMID 39591960)

PMID 39591960 (2025): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence B
Action 2

Effects of taurine combined with caffeine on repetiti… (PMID 39948152)

PMID 39948152 (2025): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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breathing
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Effects of simultaneous aerobic and inspiratory muscl… (PMID 40601012)

PMID 40601012 (2025): inspiratory muscle training, respiratory — Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

In-Exercise Caffeine Improves Exercise Performance in… (PMID 40550151)

PMID 40550151 (2025): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence B
Action 2

Single and combined effect of beetroot juice and caff… (PMID 40369047)

PMID 40369047 (2025): caffeine, beetroot — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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fueling
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Ketone ester ingestion increases exogenous carbohydra… (PMID 40794305)

PMID 40794305 (2025): carbohydrate, carb — Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence B
Action 2

Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, pow… (PMID 40478455)

PMID 40478455 (2025): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Impact of Ad Libitum Hydration on Muscle and Liver Da… (PMID 40001904)

PMID 40001904 (2025): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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fueling
2025
Evidence B
Action 1

Strategic carbohydrate feeding improves performance i… (PMID 40614653)

PMID 40614653 (2025): carbohydrate, carb — Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2025
Evidence B
Action 2

Performance-enhancing effects of caffeine and L-Thean… (PMID 40977612)

PMID 40977612 (2025): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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fueling
2024
Evidence C
Action 2

Ketone Monoester Followed by Carbohydrate Ingestion a… (PMID 38612966)

PMID 38612966 (2024): carbohydrate, carb — Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation (study note for endurance athletes).

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fueling
2024
Evidence D
Action 3

PTER is a N-acetyltaurine hydrolase that regulates fe… (PMID 39112712)

PMID 39112712 (2024): glucose, feeding — Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation (study note for endurance athletes).

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breathing
2024
Evidence C
Action 2

The Effectiveness and Validity of Inspiratory Muscle… (PMID 39336852)

PMID 39336852 (2024): inspiratory muscle training, respiratory — Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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breathing
2024
Evidence D
Action 3

Home-based long-term physical endurance and inspirato… (PMID 39376619)

PMID 39376619 (2024): inspiratory muscle training, respiratory — Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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breathing
2024
Evidence C
Action 2

The Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Health-R… (PMID 39200697)

PMID 39200697 (2024): inspiratory muscle training, respiratory — Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2024
Evidence B
Action 2

Acute Co-Ingestion of Caffeine and Sodium Bicarbonate… (PMID 39771003)

PMID 39771003 (2024): caffeine, bicarbonate — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2024
Evidence B
Action 2

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) but Not Low-Dose Caffeine… (PMID 37898479)

PMID 37898479 (2024): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2024
Evidence C
Action 2

Consumption of a Branched-Chain Amino Acids-Containin… (PMID 39599586)

PMID 39599586 (2024): hydration, dehydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2024
Evidence B
Action 2

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Cycling: A Systematic R… (PMID 38892701)

PMID 38892701 (2024): caffeine, nitrate — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2024
Evidence B
Action 2

Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhanc… (PMID 39246027)

PMID 39246027 (2024): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2024
Evidence B
Action 2

Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performanc… (PMID 38836626)

PMID 38836626 (2024): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2024
Evidence B
Action 1

Exploring the Influence of Acid-Base Status on Athlet… (PMID 38999735)

PMID 38999735 (2024): hydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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supplements
2024
Evidence B
Action 2

Caffeine Placebo Effect in Sport and Exercise: A Syst… (PMID 39339818)

PMID 39339818 (2024): caffeine — Time-trial performance, Time to exhaustion (study note for endurance athletes).

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