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Study libraryReference notes for deep reading.

This is a research index. For practical defaults, start with topic pages under Performance Science Lab.

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44 study page(s) for cramp-risk.

hydration
2026
Evidence C
Action 2

Comparison of pilocarpine- versus exercise-induced sw… (PMID 41532800)

PMID 41532800 (2026): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence B
Action 1

The Addition of Glycerol and Sodium Chloride to a Hyp… (PMID 40139199)

PMID 40139199 (2025): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence B
Action 1

Sodium Hyperhydration Improves Performance With No Ch… (PMID 39591960)

PMID 39591960 (2025): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Hydration assessment and physical performance of moun… (PMID 40594074)

PMID 40594074 (2025): hydration, dehydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2025
Evidence C
Action 2

Impact of Ad Libitum Hydration on Muscle and Liver Da… (PMID 40001904)

PMID 40001904 (2025): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2024
Evidence C
Action 2

Consumption of a Branched-Chain Amino Acids-Containin… (PMID 39599586)

PMID 39599586 (2024): hydration, dehydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2024
Evidence B
Action 1

Exploring the Influence of Acid-Base Status on Athlet… (PMID 38999735)

PMID 38999735 (2024): hydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2023
Evidence C
Action 2

Multisensing Wearables for Real-Time Monitoring of Sw… (PMID 37318976)

PMID 37318976 (2023): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2022
Evidence C
Action 2

Predicting Hydration Status Using Machine Learning Mo… (PMID 35749337)

PMID 35749337 (2022): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2022
Evidence C
Action 2

Impact of long-duration adventure racing on hydration… (PMID 35179331)

PMID 35179331 (2022): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2022
Evidence C
Action 2

Thermal strain and fluid balance during a 72-km milit… (PMID 34005849)

PMID 34005849 (2022): fluid, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2022
Evidence C
Action 2

Comparison of a Sucrose-Based and Rice-Based Sports B… (PMID 35319005)

PMID 35319005 (2022): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2021
Evidence C
Action 2

Prospective Observational Study of Weight-based Asses… (PMID 33594588)

PMID 33594588 (2021): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2021
Evidence C
Action 2

Rehydration during Endurance Exercise: Challenges, Re… (PMID 33803421)

PMID 33803421 (2021): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2020
Evidence C
Action 2

Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endu… (PMID 32652998)

PMID 32652998 (2020): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2020
Evidence B
Action 1

Effects of skim milk and isotonic drink consumption b… (PMID 32228635)

PMID 32228635 (2020): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2019
Evidence C
Action 2

Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 2… (PMID 30056755)

PMID 30056755 (2019): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2019
Evidence C
Action 2

Proper Hydration During Ultra-endurance Activities. (PMID 30601394)

PMID 30601394 (2019): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2019
Evidence C
Action 2

Ultra-endurance events in tropical environments and c… (PMID 31429600)

PMID 31429600 (2019): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2019
Evidence B
Action 1

Hydration Status After an Ironman Triathlon: A Meta-A… (PMID 31915479)

PMID 31915479 (2019): hydration, dehydration — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2018
Evidence B
Action 1

Alkaline water improves exercise-induced metabolic ac… (PMID 30452459)

PMID 30452459 (2018): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2016
Evidence D
Action 3

Carbohydrate supplementation stabilises plasma sodium… (PMID 27465126)

PMID 27465126 (2016): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2016
Evidence B
Action 1

Effects of oral salt supplementation on physical perf… (PMID 25683094)

PMID 25683094 (2016): electrolyte — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2015
Evidence B
Action 1

Hydration Status and Sodium Balance of Endurance Runn… (PMID 25811075)

PMID 25811075 (2015): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2015
Evidence B
Action 1

Effects of oral sodium supplementation on indices of… (PMID 25729305)

PMID 25729305 (2015): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2014
Evidence C
Action 2

Hydration strategies, weight change and performance i… (PMID 24950110)

PMID 24950110 (2014): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2014
Evidence C
Action 2

Fluid balance of cyclists during a 387-km race. (PMID 24444237)

PMID 24444237 (2014): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2013
Evidence C
Action 2

Exercise-associated hyponatremia and hydration status… (PMID 23135369)

PMID 23135369 (2013): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2013
Evidence B
Action 1

Sodium supplementation has no effect on endurance per… (PMID 23731903)

PMID 23731903 (2013): hydration, sodium — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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hydration
2013
Evidence C
Action 2

Changes in hydration status of elite Olympic class sa… (PMID 23432855)

PMID 23432855 (2013): hydration, fluid — Time to exhaustion, Performance in heat, Cramp risk (study note for endurance athletes).

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