Study note • PMID 25342934
Menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate ingestion alter immune response following endurance exercise and high intensity time trial performance test under hot conditions.
How to use this page
This note summarizes one study record. Check the participants, methods, results, and limitations before applying it to training.
- • Design signal: controlled study.
- • Population relevance: mixed/unclear athlete specificity.
- • Consistency: single-study evidence.
- • Practical recommendation depends on tolerance, context, and whether it protects training consistency.
ELI5
In plain language
BACKGROUND: Sex hormones are known to regulate some responses during exercise. (controlled study; participants).
The abstract doesn’t indicate a clear change in Time-trial performance under the tested conditions. Treat this as a signal, not a guarantee; confirm methods and context in the full paper.
Takeaways
What the abstract suggests
- • Study question: BACKGROUND: Sex hormones are known to regulate some responses during exercise.
- • The abstract doesn’t indicate a clear change in Time-trial performance under the tested conditions.
- • Population: participants.
- • Protocol cues (title/abstract): 90 min.
Protocol
Protocol (as reported)
- • Intervention/exposure: carbohydrate, carb (vs placebo).
- • Dose/time/duration cues in abstract/title: 90 min.
- • Outcomes: Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation.
- • Replication note: abstracts often omit adherence and timing; confirm details before changing training or supplementation.
Fit
Who it may help, and who should be cautious
Who it helps
- • Athletes similar to the study population (participants) working on fueling.
- • Athletes who can measure Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation with a repeatable workout or time-trial effort.
Who should be cautious
- • If you have symptoms or conditions that make the intervention risky, get professional guidance.
- • If you’re near race day and can’t safely test, defer the experiment.
Methods
What the study actually did
- • Design: controlled study (placebo-controlled).
- • Population: participants.
- • Comparator: placebo.
- • Outcomes measured: Time to exhaustion, Time-trial performance, Fat oxidation.
- • Protocol cues mentioned: 90 min.
- • Source: PubMed PMID 25342934 (2014) — Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.
Results excerpt
What the abstract reports
“The menstrual cycle affected circulating leukocyte concentrations during endurance exercise with POST when a placebo was ingested.”
Note: excerpts are short; for full context, read the paper.
Limits
Limitations and bias
- • Abstract-only summaries can miss critical details (population, protocol, adherence, and context).
- • Single studies often don’t generalize to your event, history, and training load; treat results as a starting point.
- • If your context differs (elite vs recreational; cycling vs running), adjust expectations and be conservative.
- • This is performance information, not medical advice.
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Performance Science Lab
Research summaries for endurance athletes, with study context, practical protocols, and clear limitations.
Fueling performance research
Fueling is performance, not just health: the right carbs at the right time change outcomes.
Time to exhaustion research for endurance athletes
A lab outcome that can still guide training: it often tracks fatigue resistance.