From the closing abstract passage
“Therefore, the gastric emptying rate remains as the primary limiting factor in delivering water, carbohydrate, and minerals to the body.”
A short excerpt, not the complete finding. Read the linked abstract for the comparison, measurements and context.
Publication details
- Record
- PubMed 3747805
- Publication types
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Indexed subjects
- Water · Dietary Carbohydrates · Glucose · Fluid Therapy · Water-Electrolyte Balance
- Source record checked
- 2026-10-16
Publication type and subject indexing describe the record; they are not a quality grade or proof of a benefit. An abstract does not replace a review of the full methods and results.
Adaptive AI coach for iPhone
Meet your adaptive AI coach.
Tell your coach what you are training for. It builds the plan, follows the work you complete, and adapts upcoming training when recovery, your schedule, or real life changes.
Keep going
Performance Science Lab
Research summaries for endurance athletes, with study context, practical protocols, and clear limitations.
Open guideHydration performance research
Hydration is context dependent: heat, sweat rate, and sodium losses change the plan.
Open guideCaffeine for endurance performance: a practical protocol
Evidence-informed protocol: Caffeine for endurance performance: a practical protocol. Practical steps, who it helps, and what to watch out for.
Open guide