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Pacing Strategy in Men's 400 m Hurdles Accounting for Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Elite Athletes.

PMID 34400997 (2021): pacing — Time-trial performance (study note for endurance athletes).

Last updated/Feb 23, 2026, 11:13 PM

Study note • PMID 34400997

Pacing Strategy in Men's 400 m Hurdles Accounting for Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Elite Athletes.

Journal of human kinetics2021 • DOI 10.2478/hukin-2021-0059
Evidence C60/100
Action 2: Consider

Worth trying if it fits your goal and context.

ELI5

In plain language

The final result in a 400 m hurdles race (400mH) is relative to the motor preparation, technique of clearing hurdles as well as the adopted strategy of the race,… (controlled study; participants).

The abstract reports an association involving Time-trial performance (not necessarily causation). Treat this as a signal, not a guarantee; confirm methods and context in the full paper.

Takeaways

What the abstract suggests

  • Study question: The final result in a 400 m hurdles race (400mH) is relative to the motor preparation, technique of clearing hurdles as well as the adopted strategy of the race,…
  • The abstract reports an association involving Time-trial performance (not necessarily causation).
  • Population: participants.
  • Protocol cues (title/abstract): 10H • 400 m.

Protocol

Protocol (as reported)

  • Intervention/exposure: pacing.
  • Dose/time/duration cues in abstract/title: 10H • 400 m.
  • Outcomes: Time-trial performance.
  • Replication note: abstracts often omit adherence and timing; confirm details before changing training or supplementation.

Fit

Who it helps, and who should skip it

Who it helps

  • Athletes similar to the study population (participants) working on pacing.
  • Athletes who can measure Time-trial performance with a repeatable workout or time-trial effort.

Who should skip

  • If you have symptoms or conditions that make the intervention risky, get professional guidance.
  • If you’re near race day and can’t safely test, defer the experiment.

Methods

What the study actually did

  • Design: controlled study.
  • Population: participants.
  • Outcomes measured: Time-trial performance.
  • Protocol cues mentioned: 10H • 400 m.
  • Source: PubMed PMID 34400997 (2021) — Journal of human kinetics.

Results excerpt

What the abstract reports

Basic statistical data, correlations and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used.

Note: excerpts are short; for full context, read the paper.

Limits

Limitations & bias

  • Abstract-only summaries can miss critical details (population, protocol, adherence, and context).
  • Single studies often don’t generalize to your event, history, and training load; treat results as a starting point.
  • If your context differs (elite vs recreational; cycling vs running), adjust expectations and be conservative.
  • This is performance information, not medical advice.

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Sources