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The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice.

PMID 35362850 (2022): taper, tapering — Time-trial performance (study note for endurance athletes).

Last updated/Feb 23, 2026, 11:13 PM

Study note • PMID 35362850

The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice.

Sports medicine - open2022 • DOI 10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7
Evidence C60/100
Action 2: Consider

Worth trying if it fits your goal and context.

ELI5

In plain language

In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. (review; well-trained runners).

In this review, the abstract suggests a positive relationship with Time-trial performance. Treat this as a signal, not a guarantee; confirm methods and context in the full paper.

Takeaways

What the abstract suggests

  • Study question: In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance.
  • In this review, the abstract suggests a positive relationship with Time-trial performance.
  • Population: well-trained runners.
  • Protocol cues (title/abstract): 10 days • 000 m • 220 km • 190 km • 2500 m.

Protocol

Protocol (as reported)

  • Intervention/exposure: taper, tapering.
  • Dose/time/duration cues in abstract/title: 10 days • 000 m • 220 km • 190 km • 2500 m.
  • Outcomes: Time-trial performance.
  • Replication note: abstracts often omit adherence and timing; confirm details before changing training or supplementation.

Fit

Who it helps, and who should skip it

Who it helps

  • Athletes similar to the study population (well-trained runners) working on tapering.
  • Athletes who can measure Time-trial performance with a repeatable workout or time-trial effort.

Who should skip

  • If you have symptoms or conditions that make the intervention risky, get professional guidance.
  • If you’re near race day and can’t safely test, defer the experiment.

Methods

What the study actually did

  • Design: review.
  • Population: well-trained runners.
  • Outcomes measured: Time-trial performance.
  • Protocol cues mentioned: 10 days • 000 m • 220 km • 190 km • 2500 m.
  • Source: PubMed PMID 35362850 (2022) — Sports medicine - open.

Full paper

What the full paper adds

  • Participants (paper): well-trained runners.

Results excerpt

What the abstract reports

The tapering process starts 7-10 days prior to the main competition.

Note: excerpts are short; for full context, read the paper.

Limits

Limitations & bias

  • Abstract-only summaries can miss critical details (population, protocol, adherence, and context).
  • Reviews and consensus statements mix protocols and populations; recommendations may not match your exact constraints.
  • If your context differs (elite vs recreational; cycling vs running), adjust expectations and be conservative.
  • This is performance information, not medical advice.

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Sources