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Practical Cooling Strategies During Continuous Exercise in Hot Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PMID 27480762 (2017): rpe, perceived exertion — Time-trial performance (study note for endurance athletes).

Last updated/Feb 23, 2026, 10:34 PM

Study note • PMID 27480762

Practical Cooling Strategies During Continuous Exercise in Hot Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2017 • DOI 10.1007/s40279-016-0592-z
Evidence B81/100
Action 1: Default

Low risk + high feasibility for most athletes.

ELI5

In plain language

The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of practical cooling strategies applied during continuous exercise in hot environments on body temperature, heart rate, whole body sweat… (systematic review / meta-analysis; n=135 athletes).

In this systematic review / meta-analysis, the abstract is mixed or unclear for Time-trial performance. Treat this as a signal, not a guarantee; confirm methods and context in the full paper.

Takeaways

What the abstract suggests

  • Study question: The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of practical cooling strategies applied during continuous exercise in hot environments on body temperature, heart rate, whole body sweat…
  • In this systematic review / meta-analysis, the abstract is mixed or unclear for Time-trial performance.
  • Population: n=135 athletes.
  • Protocol cues: abstract may omit dose/timing; use the full paper to replicate accurately.

Protocol

Protocol (as reported)

  • Intervention/exposure: rpe, perceived exertion.
  • Dose/time/duration: abstract doesn’t include enough detail; use the full paper’s methods section.
  • Outcomes: Time-trial performance.
  • Replication note: abstracts often omit adherence and timing; confirm details before changing training or supplementation.

Fit

Who it helps, and who should skip it

Who it helps

  • Athletes similar to the study population (n=135 athletes) working on pacing.
  • Athletes who can measure Time-trial performance with a repeatable workout or time-trial effort.

Who should skip

  • If you have symptoms or conditions that make the intervention risky, get professional guidance.
  • If you’re near race day and can’t safely test, defer the experiment.

Methods

What the study actually did

  • Design: systematic review / meta-analysis.
  • Population: n=135 athletes.
  • Outcomes measured: Time-trial performance.
  • Source: PubMed PMID 27480762 (2017) — Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.).

Results excerpt

What the abstract reports

Fourteen studies including 135 participants met the eligibility criteria.

Note: excerpts are short; for full context, read the paper.

Limits

Limitations & bias

  • Abstract-only summaries can miss critical details (population, protocol, adherence, and context).
  • Reviews and consensus statements mix protocols and populations; recommendations may not match your exact constraints.
  • If your context differs (elite vs recreational; cycling vs running), adjust expectations and be conservative.
  • This is performance information, not medical advice.

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Sources